Example - 1

In the following Java example the updateUserAccountOrder() method used within an e-business product ordering/inventory application will validate the product number that was ordered and the user account number. If they are valid, the method will update the product inventory, the user account, and the user order appropriately.

isValidProduct = true;updateInventory(productNumber);
return;

isValidProduct = true;updateAccount(accountNumber, productNumber);
updateAccountOrder(accountNumber, productNumber);boolean isValidProduct = false;boolean isValidAccount = false;if (validProductNumber(productNumber)) {}else {}if (validAccountNumber(accountNumber)) {}if (isValidProduct && isValidAccount) {}public void updateUserAccountOrder(String productNumber, String accountNumber) {}

However, the method never sets the isValidAccount variable after initializing it to false so the isValidProduct is mistakenly used twice. The result is that the expression "isValidProduct && isValidAccount" will always evaluate to false, so the updateAccountOrder() method will never be invoked. This will create serious problems with the product ordering application since the user account and inventory databases will be updated but the order will not be updated.

This can be easily corrected by updating the appropriate variable.

isValidAccount = true;updateAccount(accountNumber, productNumber);
...if (validAccountNumber(accountNumber)) {}...

Example - 2

In the following example, the hasReadWriteAccess method uses bit masks and bit operators to determine if a user has read and write privileges for a particular process. The variable mask is defined as a bit mask from the BIT_READ and BIT_WRITE constants that have been defined. The variable mask is used within the predicate of the hasReadWriteAccess method to determine if the userMask input parameter has the read and write bits set.

return 1;
// if the userMask has read and write bits set// then return 1 (true)if (userMask & mask) {}// otherwise return 0 (false)return 0;#define BIT_READ 0x0001 // 00000001#define BIT_WRITE 0x0010 // 00010000unsigned int mask = BIT_READ & BIT_WRITE; /* intended to use "|" */// using "&", mask = 00000000// using "|", mask = 00010001// determine if user has read and write accessint hasReadWriteAccess(unsigned int userMask) {}

However the bit operator used to initialize the mask variable is the AND operator rather than the intended OR operator (CWE-480), this resulted in the variable mask being set to 0. As a result, the if statement will always evaluate to false and never get executed.

The use of bit masks, bit operators and bitwise operations on variables can be difficult. If possible, try to use frameworks or libraries that provide appropriate functionality and abstract the implementation.

Example - 3

In the following example, the updateInventory method used within an e-business inventory application will update the inventory for a particular product. This method includes an if statement with an expression that will always evaluate to false. This is a common practice in C/C++ to introduce debugging statements quickly by simply changing the expression to evaluate to true and then removing those debugging statements by changing expression to evaluate to false. This is also a common practice for disabling features no longer needed.

printf("Inventory updated for product %s to %d items \n", productName, updatedCount);
printf("Inventory not updated for product: %s \n", productName);
char productName[128];productName = getProductName(productNumber);printf("product %s initially has %d items in inventory \n", productName, initCount);printf("adding %d items to inventory for %s \n", numberOfItems, productName);if (updated == 0) {}else {}
int initCount = getProductCount(productNumber);int updatedCount = initCount + numberOfItems;int updated = updateProductCount(updatedCount);// if statement for debugging purposes onlyif (1 == 0) {}return updated;
int updateInventory(char* productNumber, int numberOfItems) {}

Using this practice for introducing debugging statements or disabling features creates dead code that can cause problems during code maintenance and potentially introduce vulnerabilities. To avoid using expressions that evaluate to false for debugging purposes a logging API or debugging API should be used for the output of debugging messages.