Known Exploited Vulnerability
9.8
CRITICAL
CVE-2017-9791
Apache Struts 1 Improper Input Validation Vulnerab - [Actively Exploited]
Description

The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x and 2.3.x might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage.

INFO

Published Date :

July 10, 2017, 4:29 p.m.

Last Modified :

May 28, 2020, 7:31 p.m.

Source :

[email protected]

Remotely Exploitable :

Yes !

Impact Score :

5.9

Exploitability Score :

3.9
CISA Notification
CISA KEV (Known Exploited Vulnerabilities)

For the benefit of the cybersecurity community and network defenders—and to help every organization better manage vulnerabilities and keep pace with threat activity—CISA maintains the authoritative source of vulnerabilities that have been exploited in the wild.

Description :

The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage.

Required Action :

Apply updates per vendor instructions.

Public PoC/Exploit Available at Github

CVE-2017-9791 has a 39 public PoC/Exploit available at Github. Go to the Public Exploits tab to see the list.

Affected Products

The following products are affected by CVE-2017-9791 vulnerability. Even if cvefeed.io is aware of the exact versions of the products that are affected, the information is not represented in the table below.

ID Vendor Product Action
1 Apache struts
: Total Affected Vendor : 1 | Products : 1
References to Advisories, Solutions, and Tools

Here, you will find a curated list of external links that provide in-depth information, practical solutions, and valuable tools related to CVE-2017-9791.

URL Resource
http://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-048.html Mitigation Vendor Advisory
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/alert-cve-2017-9805-3889403.html Patch Third Party Advisory
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99484 Third Party Advisory VDB Entry
http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038838 Third Party Advisory VDB Entry
https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180706-0002/ Third Party Advisory
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42324/ Third Party Advisory VDB Entry
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44643/ Third Party Advisory VDB Entry

We scan GitHub repositories to detect new proof-of-concept exploits. Following list is a collection of public exploits and proof-of-concepts, which have been published on GitHub (sorted by the most recently updated).

Profile Photo
kaizer168/Security-03-04

None

Updated: 3 weeks, 3 days ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Aug. 26, 2024, 12:21 a.m. This repo has been linked 3 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
khansiddique/VulnHub-Boot2root-CTFs-Writeups

Walkthroughs and notes of 'boot to root' CTFs mostly from VulnHub that I did for learning Pentesting.

Updated: 7 months, 3 weeks ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Jan. 27, 2024, 10:10 a.m. This repo has been linked 17 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
HimmelAward/Goby_POC

在公网收集的gobypoc+部分自己加的poc

Updated: 1 week, 5 days ago
96 stars 5 fork 5 watcher
Born at : July 28, 2023, 4:28 p.m. This repo has been linked 296 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
lnick2023/nicenice

None

Updated: 1 year, 8 months ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Jan. 11, 2023, 1:21 p.m. This repo has been linked 1042 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
ice0bear14h/struts2scan

Struts2 full range of vulnerability scanning

Python

Updated: 1 year, 8 months ago
0 stars 1 fork 1 watcher
Born at : Jan. 8, 2023, 8:24 a.m. This repo has been linked 19 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
GhostTroops/myhktools

struts2全套Exp

struts2-exp

Java Python JavaScript Shell Batchfile VBScript Perl HTML

Updated: 5 months, 1 week ago
5 stars 1 fork 1 watcher
Born at : Dec. 21, 2022, 3:15 a.m. This repo has been linked 31 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
20142995/pocsuite3

None

Python

Updated: 1 week, 4 days ago
104 stars 18 fork 18 watcher
Born at : Nov. 26, 2022, 5:52 a.m. This repo has been linked 108 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
touchmycrazyredhat/myhktools

None

Java Python JavaScript Shell Batchfile VBScript Perl HTML

Updated: 1 month, 1 week ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Sept. 5, 2022, 2:10 p.m. This repo has been linked 31 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
Practical-Technology/webcve-scan

A simple framework for vulnerability scanner known web CVEs.

cve-exploit cve-scanning vulnerability-detection vulnerability-scanners vulnerability-scanning web-scanner web-vulnerability-scanner

Makefile Python

Updated: 4 months, 3 weeks ago
7 stars 6 fork 6 watcher
Born at : Aug. 1, 2022, 1:17 p.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
Ostorlab/KEV

Ostorlab KEV: One-command to detect most remotely known exploitable vulnerabilities. Sourced from CISA KEV, Google's Tsunami, Ostorlab's Asteroid and Bug Bounty programs.

cisa-kev vulnerability 0day cisa exploits

Updated: 1 week, 5 days ago
516 stars 32 fork 32 watcher
Born at : April 19, 2022, 8:58 a.m. This repo has been linked 1181 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
SexyBeast233/SecBooks

安全类各家文库大乱斗

HTML CSS JavaScript Go Python Shell C

Updated: 1 week, 6 days ago
856 stars 214 fork 214 watcher
Born at : Feb. 15, 2022, 3:14 a.m. This repo has been linked 568 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
Zero094/Vulnerability-verification

None

Updated: 2 months, 2 weeks ago
18 stars 3 fork 3 watcher
Born at : Jan. 6, 2022, 8:19 a.m. This repo has been linked 55 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
soosmile/cms-V

None

Python HTML PHP Smarty

Updated: 1 year, 5 months ago
2 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Sept. 9, 2021, 1:09 a.m. This repo has been linked 8 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
Elsfa7-110/kenzer-templates

None

Python XSLT

Updated: 1 month ago
17 stars 5 fork 5 watcher
Born at : May 22, 2021, 4:29 p.m. This repo has been linked 349 different CVEs too.
Profile Photo
pctF/vulnerable-app

Vulnerable dummy-application for checking different SCA tools

Updated: 3 years, 8 months ago
0 stars 1 fork 1 watcher
Born at : Dec. 26, 2020, 9:05 p.m. This repo has been linked 48 different CVEs too.

Results are limited to the first 15 repositories due to potential performance issues.

The following list is the news that have been mention CVE-2017-9791 vulnerability anywhere in the article.

The following table lists the changes that have been made to the CVE-2017-9791 vulnerability over time.

Vulnerability history details can be useful for understanding the evolution of a vulnerability, and for identifying the most recent changes that may impact the vulnerability's severity, exploitability, or other characteristics.

  • CVE Modified by [email protected]

    May. 14, 2024

    Action Type Old Value New Value
  • Modified Analysis by [email protected]

    May. 28, 2020

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Removed CVSS V3 NIST AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
    Added CVSS V3.1 NIST AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
    Changed Reference Type http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/alert-cve-2017-9805-3889403.html No Types Assigned http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/alert-cve-2017-9805-3889403.html Patch, Third Party Advisory
    Changed Reference Type https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180706-0002/ No Types Assigned https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180706-0002/ Third Party Advisory
    Changed Reference Type https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42324/ No Types Assigned https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42324/ Third Party Advisory, VDB Entry
    Changed Reference Type https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44643/ No Types Assigned https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44643/ Third Party Advisory, VDB Entry
    Changed CPE Configuration OR *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.12.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.28:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.28.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.29:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.30:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.31:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.32:*:*:*:*:*:*:* OR *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.28:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.28.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.29:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.30:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.31:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.32:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • CVE Modified by [email protected]

    Aug. 12, 2019

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Changed Description The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.3.x might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage. The Struts 1 plugin in Apache Struts 2.1.x and 2.3.x might allow remote code execution via a malicious field value passed in a raw message to the ActionMessage.
  • CVE Modified by [email protected]

    Jul. 08, 2018

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Added Reference https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180706-0002/ [No Types Assigned]
  • CVE Modified by [email protected]

    May. 20, 2018

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Added Reference https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44643/ [No Types Assigned]
  • CVE Modified by [email protected]

    Sep. 28, 2017

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Added Reference http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/alert-cve-2017-9805-3889403.html [No Types Assigned]
  • CVE Modified by [email protected]

    Aug. 12, 2017

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Added Reference https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42324/ [No Types Assigned]
  • Initial Analysis by [email protected]

    Jul. 16, 2017

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Added CVSS V2 (AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P)
    Added CVSS V3 AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
    Changed Reference Type http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038838 No Types Assigned http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038838 Third Party Advisory, VDB Entry
    Changed Reference Type http://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-048.html No Types Assigned http://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-048.html Mitigation, Vendor Advisory
    Changed Reference Type http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99484 No Types Assigned http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99484 Third Party Advisory, VDB Entry
    Added CWE CWE-20
    Added CPE Configuration OR *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.12.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.14.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.15.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.16.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.28:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.28.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.29:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.30:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.31:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.32:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • CVE Modified by [email protected]

    Jul. 12, 2017

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Added Reference http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038838 [No Types Assigned]
    Added Reference http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99484 [No Types Assigned]
EPSS is a daily estimate of the probability of exploitation activity being observed over the next 30 days. Following chart shows the EPSS score history of the vulnerability.
CWE - Common Weakness Enumeration

While CVE identifies specific instances of vulnerabilities, CWE categorizes the common flaws or weaknesses that can lead to vulnerabilities. CVE-2017-9791 is associated with the following CWEs:

Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC)

Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC) stores attack patterns, which are descriptions of the common attributes and approaches employed by adversaries to exploit the CVE-2017-9791 weaknesses.

CAPEC-3: Using Leading 'Ghost' Character Sequences to Bypass Input Filters Using Leading 'Ghost' Character Sequences to Bypass Input Filters CAPEC-7: Blind SQL Injection Blind SQL Injection CAPEC-8: Buffer Overflow in an API Call Buffer Overflow in an API Call CAPEC-9: Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities CAPEC-10: Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values Subverting Environment Variable Values CAPEC-14: Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client Exploiting Trust in Client CAPEC-23: File Content Injection File Content Injection CAPEC-24: Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow CAPEC-28: Fuzzing Fuzzing CAPEC-31: Accessing/Intercepting/Modifying HTTP Cookies Accessing/Intercepting/Modifying HTTP Cookies CAPEC-42: MIME Conversion MIME Conversion CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links CAPEC-46: Overflow Variables and Tags Overflow Variables and Tags CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion CAPEC-52: Embedding NULL Bytes Embedding NULL Bytes CAPEC-53: Postfix, Null Terminate, and Backslash Postfix, Null Terminate, and Backslash CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic CAPEC-67: String Format Overflow in syslog() String Format Overflow in syslog() CAPEC-71: Using Unicode Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic Using Unicode Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic CAPEC-72: URL Encoding URL Encoding CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename User-Controlled Filename CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding CAPEC-80: Using UTF-8 Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic Using UTF-8 Encoding to Bypass Validation Logic CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering Web Server Logs Tampering CAPEC-83: XPath Injection XPath Injection CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting AJAX Footprinting CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection OS Command Injection CAPEC-101: Server Side Include (SSI) Injection Server Side Include (SSI) Injection CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting Cross Zone Scripting CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection Command Line Execution through SQL Injection CAPEC-109: Object Relational Mapping Injection Object Relational Mapping Injection CAPEC-110: SQL Injection through SOAP Parameter Tampering SQL Injection through SOAP Parameter Tampering CAPEC-120: Double Encoding Double Encoding CAPEC-135: Format String Injection Format String Injection CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection LDAP Injection CAPEC-153: Input Data Manipulation Input Data Manipulation CAPEC-182: Flash Injection Flash Injection CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch CAPEC-230: Serialized Data with Nested Payloads Serialized Data with Nested Payloads CAPEC-231: Oversized Serialized Data Payloads Oversized Serialized Data Payloads CAPEC-250: XML Injection XML Injection CAPEC-261: Fuzzing for garnering other adjacent user/sensitive data Fuzzing for garnering other adjacent user/sensitive data CAPEC-267: Leverage Alternate Encoding Leverage Alternate Encoding CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof Signature Spoof CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS DOM-Based XSS CAPEC-664: Server Side Request Forgery Server Side Request Forgery
Exploit Prediction

EPSS is a daily estimate of the probability of exploitation activity being observed over the next 30 days.

97.45 }} 0.00%

score

0.99964

percentile

CVSS31 - Vulnerability Scoring System
Attack Vector
Attack Complexity
Privileges Required
User Interaction
Scope
Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability
: