Known Exploited Vulnerability
9.8
CRITICAL
CVE-2023-27997
Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy SSL-VPN Heap-Based - [Actively Exploited]
Description

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability [CWE-122] in FortiOS version 7.2.4 and below, version 7.0.11 and below, version 6.4.12 and below, version 6.0.16 and below and FortiProxy version 7.2.3 and below, version 7.0.9 and below, version 2.0.12 and below, version 1.2 all versions, version 1.1 all versions SSL-VPN may allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code or commands via specifically crafted requests.

INFO

Published Date :

June 13, 2023, 9:15 a.m.

Last Modified :

Nov. 21, 2024, 7:53 a.m.

Remotely Exploitable :

Yes !

Impact Score :

5.9

Exploitability Score :

3.9
CISA Notification
CISA KEV (Known Exploited Vulnerabilities)

For the benefit of the cybersecurity community and network defenders—and to help every organization better manage vulnerabilities and keep pace with threat activity—CISA maintains the authoritative source of vulnerabilities that have been exploited in the wild.

Description :

Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy SSL-VPN contain a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability which can allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute code or commands via specifically crafted requests.

Required Action :

Apply updates per vendor instructions.

Notes :

https://www.fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-097; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27997

Public PoC/Exploit Available at Github

CVE-2023-27997 has a 20 public PoC/Exploit available at Github. Go to the Public Exploits tab to see the list.

Affected Products

The following products are affected by CVE-2023-27997 vulnerability. Even if cvefeed.io is aware of the exact versions of the products that are affected, the information is not represented in the table below.

ID Vendor Product Action
1 Fortinet fortios
2 Fortinet fortiproxy
3 Fortinet fortios-6k7k
4 Fortinet fortigate_6000
5 Fortinet fortigate_7000
References to Advisories, Solutions, and Tools

Here, you will find a curated list of external links that provide in-depth information, practical solutions, and valuable tools related to CVE-2023-27997.

URL Resource
https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-097 Vendor Advisory
https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-097 Vendor Advisory

We scan GitHub repositories to detect new proof-of-concept exploits. Following list is a collection of public exploits and proof-of-concepts, which have been published on GitHub (sorted by the most recently updated).

Fortigate SSL VPN buffer overflow exploit

Python

Updated: 1 month, 1 week ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Nov. 14, 2024, 2:41 p.m. This repo has been linked 2 different CVEs too.

out-of-bounds write in Fortinet FortiOS CVE-2024-21762 vulnerability

Python

Updated: 2 weeks, 4 days ago
125 stars 20 fork 20 watcher
Born at : March 13, 2024, 9:17 a.m. This repo has been linked 2 different CVEs too.

渗透测试有关的POC、EXP、脚本、提权、小工具等---About penetration-testing python-script poc getshell csrf xss cms php-getshell domainmod-xss csrf-webshell cobub-razor cve rce sql sql-poc poc-exp bypass oa-getshell cve-cms

Assembly Python Shell PHP C++ C Go Ruby HTML Java

Updated: 3 weeks, 5 days ago
6 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Feb. 7, 2024, 2:08 p.m. This repo has been linked 305 different CVEs too.

A short tutorial about how to find and verify FortiOS vulnerablility.

Updated: 11 months, 1 week ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Jan. 10, 2024, 2:36 a.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.

Create a KEV to CWE mapping

Shell

Updated: 5 months, 3 weeks ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Jan. 9, 2024, 8:14 p.m. This repo has been linked 9 different CVEs too.

None

Python

Updated: 9 months, 3 weeks ago
9 stars 1 fork 1 watcher
Born at : Oct. 12, 2023, 5:50 p.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.

xortigate-cve-2023-27997

Python

Updated: 2 months, 1 week ago
62 stars 12 fork 12 watcher
Born at : Oct. 12, 2023, 4:12 p.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.

How to get access via CVE-2022-27997

Updated: 1 year, 3 months ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : Sept. 3, 2023, 10:01 a.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.

Search vulnerable FortiOS devices via Shodan (CVE-2023-27997)

Python

Updated: 1 month, 4 weeks ago
1 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : July 11, 2023, 8:41 p.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.

None

Python

Updated: 1 year, 5 months ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : June 23, 2023, 3:15 p.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.

None

Python

Updated: 1 year, 5 months ago
0 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : June 22, 2023, 2:16 p.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.

Safely detect whether a FortiGate SSL VPN instance is vulnerable to CVE-2023-27997 based on response timing

Python

Updated: 2 weeks, 5 days ago
131 stars 24 fork 24 watcher
Born at : June 16, 2023, 8:15 p.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.

POC FortiOS SSL-VPN buffer overflow vulnerability

Python

Updated: 1 month ago
27 stars 14 fork 14 watcher
Born at : June 16, 2023, 3:25 a.m. This repo has been linked 2 different CVEs too.

cve-2023-27997

Python

Updated: 1 year, 5 months ago
2 stars 0 fork 0 watcher
Born at : June 15, 2023, 5:37 a.m. This repo has been linked 1 different CVEs too.

A list of dorks for the Netlas.io search engine, with which you can find millions of objects in the boundless IoE. Contains queries to search for IoT elements, protocols, communication tools, remote access, and more. Over time, the list will grow.

osint penetration-testing security-tools

Updated: 3 weeks, 6 days ago
182 stars 22 fork 22 watcher
Born at : April 17, 2023, 10:27 a.m. This repo has been linked 65 different CVEs too.

Results are limited to the first 15 repositories due to potential performance issues.

The following list is the news that have been mention CVE-2023-27997 vulnerability anywhere in the article.

  • The Hacker News
CISA Urges Agencies to Patch Critical "Array Networks" Flaw Amid Active Attacks

Vulnerability / Network Security The U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) on Monday added a now-patched critical security flaw impacting Array Networks AG and vxAG secure acces ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 26, 2024 (3 weeks, 6 days ago)
  • Cybersecurity News
Volt Typhoon: Chinese State-Sponsored APT Targets U.S. Critical Infrastructure

The Tenable Security Response Team has uncovered critical details about Volt Typhoon, a state-sponsored Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) group linked to the People’s Republic of China. The group has b ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 22, 2024 (1 month ago)
  • Trend Micro
Spot the Difference: Earth Kasha's New LODEINFO Campaign And The Correlation Analysis With The APT10 Umbrella

This blog is based on a presentation by the authors at Virus Bulletin 2024. Introduction LODEINFO is a malware used in attacks targeting mainly Japan since 2019. Trend Micro has been tracking the grou ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 19, 2024 (1 month ago)
  • TheCyberThrone
Top 15 Most Exploited Vulnerabilities in 2023

In a joint cybersecurity advisory, the security agencies across the world have identified the most exploited vulnerabilities of 2023. This advisory, coauthored by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 16, 2024 (1 month, 1 week ago)
  • The Register
Five Eyes infosec agencies list 2024's most exploited software flaws

The cyber security agencies of the UK, US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand have issued their annual list of the 15 most exploited vulnerabilities, and warned that attacks on zero-day exploits have ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 14, 2024 (1 month, 1 week ago)
  • Help Net Security
Zero-days dominate top frequently exploited vulnerabilities

A joint report by leading cybersecurity agencies from the U.S., UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand has identified the most commonly exploited vulnerabilities of 2023. Zero-day vulnerabilities on t ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 14, 2024 (1 month, 1 week ago)
  • Cybersecurity News
2023’s Most Exploited Vulnerabilities: A Global Cybersecurity Advisory

In a joint cybersecurity advisory, the top cybersecurity agencies from the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom have identified the most exploited vulnerabilities of 2 ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 14, 2024 (1 month, 1 week ago)
  • The Cyber Express
Top 15 Exploited Cyber Vulnerabilities Revealed: Five Eyes Alliance Urges Immediate Patching

The FBI, NSA, and allied agencies within the Five Eyes intelligence network have published a list of the 15 most exploited vulnerabilities from 2023. The cybersecurity advisory, a collaborative effort ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 13, 2024 (1 month, 1 week ago)
  • BleepingComputer
FBI, CISA, and NSA reveal most exploited vulnerabilities of 2023

​The FBI, the NSA, and cybersecurity authorities of the Five Eyes intelligence alliance have released today a list of the top 15 routinely exploited vulnerabilities throughout last year. A joint advis ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 12, 2024 (1 month, 1 week ago)
  • security.nl
VS publiceert overzicht van meest misbruikte kwetsbaarheden in 2023

De Amerikaanse autoriteiten hebben samen met cyberagentschappen uit Australië, Canada, Nieuw-Zeeland en het Verenigd Koninkrijk een overzicht van de meest misbruikte kwetsbaarheden in 2023 opgesteld. ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 12, 2024 (1 month, 1 week ago)
  • TheCyberThrone
The CyberThrone Most Exploited Vulnerabilities Top 10 – October 2024

Welcome to TheCyberThrone most exploited vulnerabilities review. This review is for the month of October 2024CVE-2024-21762: Fortinet FortiOS: Out-of-bounds WriteCVSS 3.1 score : 9.8 CISA KEV : Y ... Read more

Published Date: Nov 01, 2024 (1 month, 3 weeks ago)
  • BleepingComputer
Fortinet warns of new critical FortiManager flaw used in zero-day attacks

Fortinet publicly disclosed today a critical FortiManager API vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2024-47575, that was exploited in zero-day attacks to steal sensitive files containing configurations, IP ad ... Read more

Published Date: Oct 23, 2024 (1 month, 4 weeks ago)
  • BleepingComputer
Google: 70% of exploited flaws disclosed in 2023 were zero-days

Google Mandiant security analysts warn of a worrying new trend of threat actors demonstrating a better capability to discover and exploit zero-day vulnerabilities in software. Specifically, of the 138 ... Read more

Published Date: Oct 16, 2024 (2 months ago)
  • Help Net Security
Defenders must adapt to shrinking exploitation timelines

A new report from Mandiant reveals that the average time-to-exploit vulnerabilities before or after a patch is released has plunged to just five days in 2023, down from 32 days in 2021 in 2022. One re ... Read more

Published Date: Oct 16, 2024 (2 months, 1 week ago)
  • Google Cloud
How Low Can You Go? An Analysis of 2023 Time-to-Exploit Trends

Written by: Casey Charrier, Robert Weiner Mandiant analyzed 138 vulnerabilities that were disclosed in 2023 and that we tracked as exploited in the wild. Consistent with past analyses, the majority (9 ... Read more

Published Date: Oct 15, 2024 (2 months, 1 week ago)
  • cybereason.com
CUCKOO SPEAR Part 1: Analyzing NOOPDOOR from an IR Perspective

This Threat Analysis Report will delve into a newly discovered nation-state level threat Campaign tracked by Cybereason as Cuckoo Spear. It will outline how the associated Threat Actor persists stealt ... Read more

Published Date: Sep 13, 2024 (3 months, 1 week ago)
  • The Hacker News
RansomHub Ransomware Group Targets 210 Victims Across Critical Sectors

Threat actors linked to the RansomHub ransomware group encrypted and exfiltrated data from at least 210 victims since its inception in February 2024, the U.S. government said. The victims span various ... Read more

Published Date: Sep 02, 2024 (3 months, 3 weeks ago)

The following table lists the changes that have been made to the CVE-2023-27997 vulnerability over time.

Vulnerability history details can be useful for understanding the evolution of a vulnerability, and for identifying the most recent changes that may impact the vulnerability's severity, exploitability, or other characteristics.

  • CVE Modified by af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108

    Nov. 21, 2024

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Added Reference https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-097
  • Modified Analysis by [email protected]

    Jun. 27, 2024

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Changed CPE Configuration OR *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.2.10 up to (including) 6.2.13 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:7.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 1.1.0 up to (including) 1.1.6 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 1.2.0 up to (including) 1.2.13 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 2.0.0 up to (including) 2.0.12 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.0.0 up to (including) 7.0.9 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.2.0 up to (including) 7.2.3 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.0.0 up to (including) 6.0.16 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.2.0 up to (including) 6.2.13 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.4.0 up to (including) 6.4.12 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.0.0 up to (including) 7.0.11 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.2.0 up to (including) 7.2.4 OR *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 1.1.0 up to (including) 1.1.6 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 1.2.0 up to (including) 1.2.13 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 2.0.0 up to (including) 2.0.12 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.0.0 up to (including) 7.0.9 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.2.0 up to (including) 7.2.3 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.0.0 up to (including) 6.0.16 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.2.0 up to (including) 6.2.13 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.4.0 up to (including) 6.4.12 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.0.0 up to (including) 7.0.11 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.2.0 up to (including) 7.2.4
    Added CPE Configuration AND OR *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.0.12 up to (including) 6.0.16 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.2.9 up to (including) 6.2.13 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:6.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:7.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* OR cpe:2.3:h:fortinet:fortigate_6000:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:h:fortinet:fortigate_7000:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
  • CVE Modified by [email protected]

    May. 14, 2024

    Action Type Old Value New Value
  • CVE Modified by [email protected]

    Nov. 07, 2023

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Added CWE Fortinet, Inc. CWE-122
  • Initial Analysis by [email protected]

    Jun. 20, 2023

    Action Type Old Value New Value
    Added CVSS V3.1 NIST AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
    Changed Reference Type https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-097 No Types Assigned https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-23-097 Vendor Advisory
    Added CWE NIST CWE-787
    Added CPE Configuration OR *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.0.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.2.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.2.10 up to (including) 6.2.13 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:6.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:7.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortios-6k7k:7.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 1.1.0 up to (including) 1.1.6 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 1.2.0 up to (including) 1.2.13 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 2.0.0 up to (including) 2.0.12 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.0.0 up to (including) 7.0.9 *cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiproxy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.2.0 up to (including) 7.2.3 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.0.0 up to (including) 6.0.16 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.2.0 up to (including) 6.2.13 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 6.4.0 up to (including) 6.4.12 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.0.0 up to (including) 7.0.11 *cpe:2.3:o:fortinet:fortios:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* versions from (including) 7.2.0 up to (including) 7.2.4
EPSS is a daily estimate of the probability of exploitation activity being observed over the next 30 days. Following chart shows the EPSS score history of the vulnerability.
CWE - Common Weakness Enumeration

While CVE identifies specific instances of vulnerabilities, CWE categorizes the common flaws or weaknesses that can lead to vulnerabilities. CVE-2023-27997 is associated with the following CWEs:

Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC)

Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC) stores attack patterns, which are descriptions of the common attributes and approaches employed by adversaries to exploit the CVE-2023-27997 weaknesses.

Exploit Prediction

EPSS is a daily estimate of the probability of exploitation activity being observed over the next 30 days.

10.11 }} -0.49%

score

0.94905

percentile

CVSS31 - Vulnerability Scoring System
Attack Vector
Attack Complexity
Privileges Required
User Interaction
Scope
Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability